Moskva, Russian Federation
UDC 343.7
The article pays special attention to the problems of cryptocurrencies, which, having economic characteristics of property, still retain an uncertain legal status. An analysis of judicial practice shows the heterogeneity of qualifying approaches: some courts consider cryptocurrencies as the subject of a crime, while others refuse to recognize them as such. Such a conflict reduces the effectiveness of criminal law protection and contributes to evading responsibility for crimes in the digital sphere. The recognition of cryptocurrencies as property for the purposes of criminal law seems to be a necessary step towards the harmonization of law. In the future, the development of the institution in question will be determined by the degree of digitalization of financial control and the level of international coordination. The use of artificial intelligence technologies, blockchain analysis systems, and financial intelligence tools opens up new opportunities for early detection of money laundering risks. At the same time, the importance of the professional competence of specialists and international assessment mechanisms is increasing, which gives the institution of punishment a new content – not only punitive, but also strategic, aimed at protecting law and order, economic stability and global security.
money laundering, terrorist financing, criminal liability, financial security, criminal policy
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